Need For Investment And Various Alternatives For Investment Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 14 Words: 4186 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Investment Management is a broad term that encompasses employing, monitoring and evaluating the performance of assets held in various financial instruments. It deals with financial instruments and the major entities involved include financial institutions, insurance firms, banks, individuals, etc. The markets these days being highly volatile, investment management is of prime importance generating returns on assets by combating the risk involved due to surrounding factors. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Need For Investment And Various Alternatives For Investment Finance Essay" essay for you Create order The paper basically focuses on the need for investment, various alternatives for investment, timing of investment and the investment process involved. Moreover, the paper also describes the major investment avenues (options) available to investors and the factors and approach that will be taken into consideration while making the investment decision. The paper also throws light on stock market fluctuations and corresponding investment behaviour. It covers the concept of time value of money and margin of safety. The author has also made an effort to describe the capital asset pricing model and arbitrage pricing theory. Futures and options have also been briefly described. Introduction to Investment Management Investment Management involves employing money in financial instruments in the present with an expectation of positive rate of return in the future. The financial instruments may be securities, bonds, assets, etc. Investors such as banks, companies, insurance firms or individuals seek to invest money in order to achieve their financial goals. The money required for investment usually comes from savings of an individual which he uses to get returns in the future. In the modern day scenario, there exist a lot of financial products which provide individuals with a variety of options to entities. Moreover, considering the volatility of markets and frequently changing regulations governing the various financial instruments, investment management is certainly the need of the hour. The money invested needs to be spread across various instruments in order to gain maximum return from the investment. Investment managers indulge into discretionary or advisory management to help the inve stors accomplish their objectives. In advisory investment management, the investment manager suggests alternatives regarding where and when to invest and when to sell the concerned financial instruments. In discretionary investment management, the investment manager has the authority to manage the financial instruments without the approval by the investor. Before investing, the investor has to find answers to few questions in order to come up with a plan for investment. These questions typically are: Why to Invest? What to Invest? Where to Invest? When to Invest? How to Invest? These questions have been answered with reference to investment management as under: Why to Invest? An investor would probably invest to generate an additional source of income to fund his future requirements. Now, when we talk about investment, a persons income majorly involves savings and consumption. Savings are deposited in savings account in bank and are liable to receive 4-5% on interest per annum. Considering the rising levels of inflation, these savings lose value over a period of time. So, the individual switches to fixed deposits which provides him 7-8% per annum of interest rate. So, fixed deposit provides the individual with an acceptable rate of return with minimum or zero potential risk. When we talk about other instruments like shares or securities, it involves potentially high amount of risk due to fluctuating markets. So, the rational behaviour of the investor might not always work. What to Invest? The investor would typically invest his/her savings and financial reserves. Where to Invest? Investment alternatives are spread over a wide range and mainly include: Investment in Bank Deposits Investment in Real Estate Investment in Currencies (Foreign Exchange) Investment in Gold Investment in Equities Investment in Commodities and Derivatives Investment in Government Bonds The investor should typically invest by diversifying his investment among various alternatives to maximize rate of return on his assets with minimum potential exposure to risk. When to Invest? It involves deciding upon the time during which to buy and sell the concerned financial instruments keeping the return on investment in mind. Moreover, the investors residence should be owned and not mortgaged. The investor must be earning sufficiently to meet the demand for current expenses. Moreover, the investor must also be able to take out time and demonstrate control over his emotions for successful management of his investment. How to Invest? Answering this question will enable the individual to define an investment system and an overall investment strategy with rules and regulations for the targeted investment. Investment Management Process The investment management process consists of 5 steps that mainly include: Setting the Investment Objective Establishing Investment Policy Selecting the Portfolio Strategy Selecting the Assets Measuring and Evaluating Performance Setting the Investment Objective Investment objectives may vary from entity to entity be it banks, financial institutions, insurance firms or individuals. For an individual, it may to maximize return on investment with a minimum risk. On the contrary for a bank, it may be minimum interest spread over their cost of funds. Investment objective can be specified in terms of Income, Investment Capital Growth, Stability of investment and Implementation. Before setting the investment objective, SWOT analysis is done to get a better view of individuals current financial situation. It could be done as shown below in the diagram: Moreover in setting the investment objective, a tentative risk tolerance review is also conducted in order to assess the risk associated with each of the alternatives. Establishing the Investment Policy It involves defining a policy that helps in allocation of assets among equities, debt, fixed income securities, real estate and foreign currencies. While defining the policy, the constraints of the investment environment as well as the investor need to be kept in mind. Environmental Constraints include government rules and regulations as well as working of the market place. Individual Constraints include financial capability, risk profile, time available, and understanding of the investment environment. Defining the investment policy for the individual will involve coming up with a strategy and tactics for investment which are in sync with the available alternatives and the operating investment environment. Selecting the Portfolio Strategy Again the portfolio strategy has to be in accordance with the investment objective and the established investment policy and guidelines. It mainly involves an active or a passive strategy. Active strategies have a higher expectation when it comes to the factors influencing the performance of various financial instruments. Passive strategies have minimum expectation input. Active portfolio strategy also takes into consideration the purchase of stocks and subsequent holding period to maximize returns. It also takes into account the spread of portfolio over several sectors and industries and checks the investment worthiness of the current stock. Moreover, the investor also needs to have an investment philosophy depending on the forces affecting the stock market and movement of stock prices. Selecting the Assets This would involve defining the portfolio in a way that risk commensurate with returns. The available alternatives in terms of asset classes involve equity, fixed income securities, real estate, debt instruments, currencies, art objects, rare stamps, etc. The investor has to manage his portfolio from time to time and balance all of the above instruments in accordance with the objectives. Measuring and Evaluating Performance This involves analysing the performance of the portfolio against a realistic benchmark. An investor or manager would mainly consider the risk-return profile while evaluating the performance and this evaluation will provide him with feedback regarding the improvements that can be made in the quality of portfolio. Investment Environment Introduction Investment environment is of prime importance as it helps the investor know about the demand supply gap that exists in case of various commodities and services. Each country has its own economy and several markets enable interaction among these economies. The market basically consists of: The Regulator (E.g. SEBI in case of India) The Trading Platform and its system (E.g. National Stock Exchange) Brokers (E.g. Broking Firms) Participants/ Investors (E.g. Financial Institutions, Mutual Funds, etc.) A particular economy may be affected by events taking place in various parts of the world and so the overall investment environment has a major role to play in investment management. Investment Avenues There are a large number of alternatives available as far as the financial instruments for investment are concerned. However, these could be categorized into 4 major categories: Financial Securities: These include equity shares, convertible debentures, preference shares, gilt-edged securities, public sector bonds, savings certificate, money market securities, etc. These are freely tradable and negotiable. Non-securitized Financial Securities: These include bank deposits, post office deposits, provident fund schemes, life insurance, etc. and are neither tradable, transferrable nor negotiable. Mutual Fund Schemes: These are mainly equity or debt oriented schemes which are used when an investor does not want to invest in the market. Real Assets: These include physical investments typically in real estate, gold and silver, stamps, art objects, etc. Investment Attributes The major attributes to be considered when deciding upon an investment avenue include: Rate of Return: It comprises of annual income and capital gain or loss. It is given by Rate of Return= Annual Income+ (Ending Price-Beginning Price)/Beginning Price Risk: It refers to variance in the rate of return expected. Put in other words, it is the deviation of actual outcome of investment from expected value. Various techniques employed to measure risk include variance, standard deviation, etc. Marketability: Here the instrument must have a low transaction cost and must be easily tradable. Moreover, price change between 2 transactions is expected to be very low. Thus, an instrument must be highly marketable. Taxes: This attribute considers whether the investment avenue provides tax benefits. Tax benefits occur mainly in the form of Initial tax benefits, Continuing tax benefits and Terminal tax benefits. Convenience: It involves the degree and ease with which an inve stment can be managed. Comparison of Investment Avenues Investment Decision Making Approaches Following approaches have been considered when it comes to identifying investment strategies that can be implemented to gain maximum returns from various financial instruments: Fundamental Approach It deals with the intrinsic value of the instrument which is deeply affected factors related to overall economy, industry and company. Psychological Approach This approach is mainly driven by greed and fear which represent optimistic and pessimistic behaviour of investors respectively. Stock prices are driven majorly by emotions and hence the decision regarding investment is based accordingly. Here the investors use internal market data and analyze it through tools like bar charts, moving average analysis, etc. to understand the price movements. Academic Approach This approach reflects the rational behaviour of the stock markets. It relies on the flow of information over time and hence makes the stock markets much more reliable and efficient. The major equation describing this approach is as under: Current Market Price=Intrinsic Value Eclectic Approach This approach involves all the 3 approaches as mentioned above. Here standards and benchmarks are established through fundamental analysis. Demand-supply gap and investor mood are tracked through technical analysis. It stresses on a positive correlation between risk and return and denies the fact that market is speculative or perfect. Common Errors in Investment Management Following are some of the basic errors that investors make due to a lack in perception regarding the existing investment environment: Unrealistic goals and expectations Ambiguous Investment Policy Overconfidence of the Investor Unnecessary switching of stocks Averaging tendency and inclination for cheap stock Over/Under Diversification Attractiveness of known companies Bad attitude towards profit or losses Investor v/s. Speculator Investor Speculator Long Holding Period typically atleast a year Very short holding period of, say, few days or months Usually is moderate when it comes to risk taking Assumes to high risk taking Moderate Returns provide less risk High returns on high risk exposure Decision based on proper analysis Decision based on market psychology Active Asset Allocation Introduction For any investor, there exists a base amount with which he/she starts investing in various financial instruments. This base amount is known as the asset base. For instance one has savings worth INR 5 lacs and inheritance worth INR 25 lacs. Then, if the investor plans to invest this, then his total asset base would be INR 30 lacs. Now, asset allocation involves percentage distribution of various financial instruments in which the investor wishes his/her asset base to be divided among. Here the financial instruments stocks, bonds and cash. Here again there will be a trade off between performance of the portfolio and aversion to risk. Thus, asset allocation involves monitoring and evaluating investment plan to decide upon the optimal allocation of our asset base to various financial instruments in order to meet the performance criteria set for the portfolio. Asset Allocation Classes Basically there are 3 classes of asset allocation as mentioned under: Long-Term Asset Allocation It involves a passive process wherein risk and performance are balanced. Here analysis is done in terms of stability and performance about the asset mix which best meets the long-term investment plan. Active Asset Allocation It involves an active process wherein the strategy is usually buy low, sell high. Here performance of the portfolio is improved through mixing of assets in response to changing market opportunities. It is a dynamic process and hence the investor needs to be aware of the market fluctuations. Portfolio Insurance It involves an active strategy of buy high, sell low. This is usually implemented for shielding the portfolio against adverse market action and hence preventing the performance from degrading. Asset Allocation Process Asset allocation process is based on assumptions which state the role of securities market and related returns associated with various asset classes. The first assumption stating that securities market reflects the rate of returns available from various asset classes. The second assumption being that of a normal relationship among these returns. The third assumption being the fact that securities market correct disequilibrium conditions when they occur. Again markets deviating from the equilibrium have better prospects for profits. So, the allocation process should be a step-by-step approach after evaluation of risk return profile of each of the asset class considered. Portfolio Upgrade and the Use of Futures A portfolio basically consists of 2 categories of stocks namely the buy candidates, which are very attractive and hold candidates, which are mildly attractive. Portfolio upgrade is required whenever a need arises to shift from one asset class to another. In an investment decision to move from stocks to cash, an investor may sell hold candidates having potentially lower expected returns. Futures are used whenever there is a need to accomplish a change in the existing asset mix of portfolio. Futures reduce the transaction cost and hence are an attractive tool. However, with futures we need to maintain a cash reserve in the portfolio in order to provide for margins involved in the futures trade. Some of the advantages of futures include: Low Transaction Cost High Liquidity Fast Execution Daily trades possible Potential of Favourable Mispricing However, recording all transactions may pose a disadvantage to the use of futures. Investment Management and Trading in the Stock Market Introduction Stock Market trading involves buying and selling a quoted stock in a manner that generates profit for the investor. Stock market behaviour is volatile and at every step it may differ. Research findings show that a step is 6.25% of base price. So, if base price of a stock is INR 1000, then one step is INR 62.5. Phases in the Stock Market: Bull Phase: In this phase the stock prices are consistently rising. Equities traded in stock market at least taking 2 steps forward with 1 step back. Bear Phase: In this phase there is consistent fall in the stock prices. Equities trade in the stock market at least take 2 steps backward with 1 step forward. Consolidation Phase: In this phase equilibrium is reached and stocks traded take 1 step forward for every 1 step backward. Depending on the available information, participants tend to drive the stock prices up or down. Distribution Phase: In this phase prices are at their yearly highs and so strong investors sell to weak investors and after the selling is done, prices again move down. Determining Intrinsic Value of Stock Intrinsic value of a stock is determined through following steps: Calculate the Earnings Per Share of the stock (EPS is based on assumptions about revenue and cost behaviour. Expected EPS is ought to give an idea about the profit generating ability of the company) Calculate price earning multiplier (Reflects investors willingness to pay and markets valuation of companys stock) Identify Value Anchor and Value Range (Projected EPS * Suitable P/E Ratio) Margin of Safety Margin of Safety plays quite a crucial role when it comes to transactions of various financial instruments. The default strategy of buying low and selling high in itself ensures a margin of safety for the investors. However, it is associated with the profits that the enterprise is making. Opportunities for margin of safety arise during bear market conditions. However, the investor has to use technical analysis for making his buy or sell decisions and timing also plays an essential part in these decisions. Consider a stock of, say, XYZ Ltd. priced at INR 200(Base Price). Now, price level below INR 200 means that stock is under-valued and thus it provides the investor with a margin of safety. Now, if the price rises to INR 200 or above, a rational investor would be a seller. Time Value of Money Time Value of Money refers to exchange of money at different point of time. The time gap between inflows and outflows in an investment leads to different current values associated with cash flows at different points in time. There are four primary reasons for the fact that money in future is worth less than what it is worth today. These are: Rising Rate of Inflation Opportunity cost of Lost Earnings Uncertainty associated with future Human Preference to consume the goods now Compounding refers to situations where a current value is being converted to equivalent future value for comparison to another future value. Discounting on the other hand involves moving back in time to convert cash flow to be received in future to its equivalent current value. The concepts of compounding and discounting are widely used in comparison of various investment avenues and the risk associated with each of them. Time Value of Money enables the investor in estimating the amount of money that he needs to save in order to meet interest obligation in future. It also helps in identifying a loan amount an investor can take considering the ability to pay the monthly instalments. Investment Management and Inflation Inflation refers to a gradual increase in the level of prices and hence an increase in the supply of money. Although high inflation and rising stock prices is not a good sign for the investors, most investors still consider investing in the stocks, as expected revenues and earnings are expected to grow at the rate of rise in inflation. However, the investor would be paying more for less as there may be no real increase in value of assets. Stock Market Investment Rules Make investments in larger companies with P/E ratio 10 or below and invest in top 2-3 companies in each of the industry Invest in sunrise industries and keep P/E ratio and EPS in mind. High P/E Ratio means high investor confidence and expected rise in companys earnings in the near future. Watch out for low EPS Time your buys and sells High Returns can be earned from high priced stocks with reasonable price-earnings ratio Sell when P/E ratio shoots up to unrealistic levels or after a steep rise in stock prices Stock Market Investment Strategies Following points need to be taken into consideration when deciding upon an investment strategy in stock market: Company considered is market leader in its industry and is growing at a rapid pace. Diversify in order to ensure low risk and a margin of safety (Invest in companies in fast growing sectors of economy) Sell stocks only in certain specified conditions Advantages: Focus on Initial Selection, Savings on transaction costs, High returns from capital appreciation Stocks can be sold to en-cash profit or loss or when P/E ratio crosses 40 or when there is a sustained rise in stocks for a period of 1 year. Do not sell in order to earn short-term gains based on speculations Diversify over time and focus on long-term value creation Risk and Return Higher Rate of Returns means high amount of risk involved. Equity returns are mainly influenced by 5 factors as mentioned under: Unanticipated changes in default risk Unanticipated changes in term structure of interest rates Unanticipated changes in inflation rate Residual market risk and Unanticipated changes in long-run growth rates of profit The 4 types of risk involved include Business Risk, Inflation Risk, Interest Rate Risk, and Market Risk. Here the correlation of securitys return in a diversified portfolio determined its risk. Moreover, risk associated with a portfolio is not a linear function of standard deviation of risk of each individual security. The risk can be measured by standard deviation method is identified to have 2 components namely Non-Diversifiable Risk (Effect cannot be avoided) and Diversifiable Risk (Avoidable and unique to individual security). Capital Asset Pricing Model Assumptions of Capital Market Theory Investors base their investment decisions based on risk-return investments Purchase and sale of stocks can be done in infinitely divisible units Investors can short sell any amount of stocks without any limit Purchase and sell of stock by single investor cannot affect the price of that stock No transaction costs Absence of income tax considerations Consider an investor lending at a rate Rf=0.06(FD rate) which represents a risk free investment. If he places part of his funds at this riskless rate and part in other riskier securities, then he could generate portfolios along a line. Expected return would be given by equation Rp= X*Rm + (1-X)*Rf Rp=expected return on portfolio X=percentage of funds in risky portfolio Rm=expected return on risky assets Now, SDp= X* SDm SDp= expected standard deviation of the portfolio SDm=expected standard deviation of the risky assets If X is percentage of investment capital in risky assets, then if, X=1; Full Risky Portfolio X=1; Part invested in risky portfolio X=1; Implies that investor has borrowed funds to augment investment capital under his charge The Arbitrage Pricing Theory According to arbitrage theory, the returns on a stock vary depending on a number of expected as well as unexpected events that occur during the time for which investor holds his/her portfolio. According to this model, systemic factors have a larger impact on the performance and these factors pose major risk to the portfolio. In arbitrage pricing theory, the actual return R on any security or portfolio may be given by R= E+ b*f+ e where, E= Expected return on a given security or portfolio b=sensitivity of security to changes in systemic factors f=actual return on the systemic factors e=returns on unsystemic factors Here the major economic factors that can be considered include inflation, changes in levels of industrial production, changes in risk premiums, changes in interest rates, etc. Market Efficiency It describes the operational characteristics of market and is of 2 types mainly: Internally Efficient: Cheap Transactions, Brokerage, commissions and other charges included Externally Efficient: Stock prices reflect all available information 3 forms of market efficiency include: Weak: -Price fully reflects pricing and trading history of concerned security Semi-Strong: Price fully reflects all public information, including price and trading history Strong: Price fully reflects all relevant information, irrespective of the fact whether it is publicly available or not Role of Options and Futures Options and futures enable better investment risk management as they help the managers identify the risk patterns and behaviours. An option is a contract in which the writer of the option grants the buyer of the option the right to purchase or sell the writer an underlying security at a specified price. A future is a contract between a buyer and a seller, in which buyer agrees to take delivery and seller agrees to give delivery of some specific product at the end of a designated period of time. Options and futures can be used to create instruments that offer a higher return than a cash market instrument. They can also be used to adjust the risk exposure or alter the stock/bond mix of a portfolio. Future contracts can be used to reduce the transaction cost. Conclusion When we think of gaining returns on our savings and reserves, then we need to invest in various financial instruments. However, each of the instruments has a potential risk associated with it and so investment management targets on returns adjusting against risk in order to generate profit for the investor. The investment has to be made at the right time and the portfolio, which comprises of various instruments, needs to be monitored in order to ensure its stability and performance against market uncertainty.

Judaism Essay example - 1469 Words

Judaism is one of the oldest religions in the world. Jewish people have suffered persecution through the holocaust, they were left with nothing. No leader or land to call their own as everything was taken from them. The history of the Jewish faith begins with the Hebrew bible or the Tanankh which has been referred to as the old testament by Christians (Fisher, 2005). The history begins with Moses who led the people according to gods commandments. This includes new teachings and a book called the Talmund. The Jewish people believe that if they obey God’s commands in turn God will deliver on promises he had made to them. The Torah is a set of rules that was given to the Jewish people by Moses. It contains rules for living a moral†¦show more content†¦After King Saul died, David was appointed king. The temple built by King Solomon who also held the Ark of the Covenant. This was where sacrifices were made to God. After the first temple was built the Jewish people were sent to Babylon and after their return 50 years later, a second temple was built. This second temple was where the Torah was established. After a war with the Romans in 132-135 CE the Jewish temple was destroyed and Jewish people were forbidden to practice their faith (Fisher, 2005). Judea was renamed Palestine and the Jewish people no longer had a home. The nation of Israel was originally a nation of nomadic people who were isolated and oppressed. After the horrific events of the Holocaust some Jewish people made homes in Israel. The people who made their homes came to be known as Israelites. They were given this name because the nation was named after Israel who was originally known as Jacob (Fisher, 2005). The nation of Israel has always been in a state of disorder and confusion, and in 1947 the United Nations gave Israel to the Jewish people who declared it an independent state in 1948. Israel’s Arabic neighbors did not support this decision and war followed. Battles are still being fought today. Tension also exists within the Jewish community in Israel. There have been many Jewish people who have settled in Israel. These settlers have diverse backgrounds. Some are orthodox and some are not which can bring tension. EvenShow MoreRelatedJudaism And Judaism2022 Words   |  9 PagesI am writing my research paper over Juda ism and the Holocaust. I think that Jewish religion is very interesting and I love learning about the Holocaust. I am going to start out by explaining the overview of some Jewish history and the four main branches. Judaism is known to be one of the oldest religions in the world today. Jewish history extends back though the ancient Israelite and Hebrew people to Abraham. The basic facts of Judaism are found in beliefs, history, and practices. 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Abraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation - 859 Words

The Emancipation Proclamation Although Abraham Lincoln produced numerous timeless events in the history of the United States of America, perhaps none more effective as the Emancipation Proclamation. The innovative and impactful Emancipation Proclamation consisted of two executive orders issued by President Lincoln. The first order was issued on September 22, 1862 and gave freedom to all slaves in the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. One hundred days later, the second order was issued on January 1, 1863, this order was more descriptive and named specific states (Klos, 2014). Today Abraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation is viewed and favored as the Government’s first major step in the abolition of slavery. It is also considered the first real addition to Thomas Jefferson’s vision of equality outlined in the Declaration of Independence. However, the immediate reaction when the preliminary Proclamation was released was that of both praise and condemnation. Abolitionists viewed the Proclamation as weak, while Democrats and Southerners saw it as groundbreaking and aggressive. Other than the order itself, the manner in which it was released was a political and national powder keg (Girardi, 2013). The first executive order came five days after the bloodiest single day of the Civil War, the Battle of Antietam. However, this was not the beginning of the use of slavery as a war tool for numerous reasons. In theShow MoreRelatedAbraham Lincoln s Emancipation Proclamation2278 Words   |  10 PagesAbraham Lincoln’s Emancipation Proclamation is one of the most successful and influential documents in America’s history and throughout the world. Slavery in America had been a substantial part of its history since the early 1600’s and would eventually lead to be a very controversial topic throughout the country. 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The first Professor is Mr. Allen C. Guelzo and the other professor is Vincent Harding. Mr. Allen proposed that Abraham used the Emancipation Proclamation to free the slaves. However, Mr. Harding used his research and insisted that no the Emancipation Proclamation was not to free the slaves. On the other hand, Mr. Allen m akes some well-revised statements, but MrRead MoreThe Legacy Of Abraham Lincoln1036 Words   |  5 PagesEnglish 8 4 December, 2015 Abraham Lincoln Research Paper Rough Draft One of the most revered men in US history was Abraham Lincoln. Everything he did throughout his life helped shape our country. He tirelessly worked to purge the country of slavery. He showed the country the importance of remembering those that died for our freedom. He never thought about himself, he always thought of others. Abraham Lincoln helped change America forever. When you look at Abraham Lincolns childhood you would neverRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1542 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Who was the Greatest President that ever lived! Abraham Lincoln. Abraham Lincoln was a very well respected man at an early age. He worked hard most of his life and worked hard in law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. He lived a long and resentful life full of problems that he fixed. Lincoln’s early life, Lincoln enters presidency, Lincoln’s impact on the Civil War as a president, Lincoln’sRead MoreEssay on Abraham Lincoln - the Greatest President1069 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln There have been forty four U.S. presidents over the past two hundred and twenty years. What president has served the best for our country? None other than Abraham Lincoln. 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TheRead MoreAbraham Lincoln : The President That Held Our Nation Together1017 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Lincoln Research Paper Abraham Lincoln. The president that held our nation together. Lincoln’s early life. Abraham Lincoln was born on February 12, 1809, in a log cabin in Hardin County Kentucky, to his parents Thomas Lincoln, and mother Nancy Lincoln. They moved around and eventually settled in the back-woods of Indiana. They lived in a small cabin in the back-country of Indiana. As said by biography.com, â€Å"where the family squatted on public land to scrap out a living in a crudeRead MoreLincoln s Impact On The Civil War1564 Words   |  7 Pages Abraham Lincoln Research Paper During the Civil War, was Abraham Lincoln the cause or the cure? Abraham Lincoln, the man that hit right path toward life while earning respect. He worked hard most of his life and at law, and as a president to keep our nation in one during the Civil War. He had the mindset to get where he needed to go. 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The Progressive Era Essay Example For Students

The Progressive Era Essay The Progressive Era Essay The progressive era was a time of great change, the way people thought and what they did began to change quickly. Industry and business also changed a great deal in this era, with the many new inventions and strong businessmen things where rapidly changing. The progressive era lasted about 40 years, from 1879-1920. In 1879 Tomas Edison invented the electric light, I guess you could say he just lit the way for may other inventions that people made during this time period. The progressives where middle class people that where mostly composed of young people who wanted things to change, they believed that educating people was the best way to overcome a problem. They formed volunteer organizations that people would come to and they would educate them on what they thought the problem was with something. Some of the organizations I found where: (American Bar Association, U.S Chamber of Commerce, National Association for the advancement of Colored People, and many others. I think that they did this to increase the awareness of a problem and try to fight that problem with strength in numbers and educations, both are very strong weapons when tackling a problem. Muckraking was another way people got their point across, they would find out all the information that they could on a person and they would basically, just drag their good name thought the mud, telling the people about, the things that they might not know, the corrupt things and bad deals and kickbacks those types of things. A well known muckraker would be Ida Tarbell, She dragged John D. Rockefellers name thought the mud, exposing bad trust and how he was a ruthless business man, Another muckraker was Upton Sinclair, He wrote a book, to show the American people how bad, the food was, and how disgusting it was, a famous quote of his was I aimed for the peoples hearts and I hit them right in the stomach, making reference to how gross the book really was. Teddy Roosevelt was a very strong influence during the progressive era; He used his power a president to get what he wanted as a progressive. He helped things like the pure food and drug act pass, and used the Sherman Antitrust act to dissolve Carnegies Monopoly. He was a very strong leader and was not about to be pushed around, so it was very good to have him as president during the Progressive era when some are fighting for the new and some are fighting for the old. The city and state reforms, where to stops powerful figures like boss Tweed who was very corrupt and, had everyone in the city in his back pocket. They Reformed so that their wouldnt be just a boss, (a person that made every decision), they made it so the people had to stand behind him on his decisions, their needed to be a vote on all laws that where passed, and all people could try to pass laws with enough peoples support. Also with the reform, workmans compensation became, now if people where hurt to the point they couldnt work, they would be compensated until they could come back. Education was a very big thing to the progressives; they believed that an educated person could handle any problem. They pushed for more women to go to college and for more children to start school. The progressives believe that by putting large numbers of children in school they will soon have and enlightened population. Womens rights where fought for during the progressive era. Women began to hold steady jobs, Even though the jobs where the ones that where the least paying, and the ones with the least opportunity. Macbeth Essay Summary Not all reform movements are successful in making an actual change, however even if a significant change isnt made their message is still shared with the public. Reform group leaders are usually involved in the government and have a strong charisma, which helps them convey their message. Jesse Louis Jackson is one of Americas strongest political figures. Over the past three decades he has played a major role in just about every movement for empowerment, peace, civil rights, gender equality, and economic and social justice. Reverend Jackson has been called the conscience of the nation and the great unifier, challenging America to establish just and humane priorities, and bringing people together on .